by Robert C. Veil, Jr.
One of the teaching techniques so effectively used by Jesus is the parable. A parable has been
described as “an earthly story with a heavenly meaning.” It is a figure of speech amounting to an
extended simile. A simile is a comparison using “like” or “as.” The parable extends the comparison
into a story, usually about something very familiar. Thus, the point of the parable becomes
immediately understandable. Parables are interesting and helpful in grasping deep concepts. But
there are some principles for understanding the parables correctly. Here are a few which may be
helpful in our Bible study:
- Although the parable is a figure of speech, keep in mind that “figurative” does not
mean “false.” Figurative language involves using words in other than their strict or literal sense.
It is often used for emphasis, or to illuminate a complicated idea. For example, if it is raining
outside in an exceptionally hard manner, we might say it is raining “cats and dogs.” We don’t mean
that cats and dogs are literally falling from the sky. We are using a figurative expression to create
a correct image or conception in the minds of others.
But when we use such figurative expressions, we are still speaking truthfully or correctly.
Even though the phrase is not to be taken literally, the idea it conveys is still true or correct. We
use figurative expressions frequently, probably far more often than we realize. These expressions
are “shortcuts” which convey the intended meanings without being overly technical or literal.
Effective speakers learn to use figurative language in a way which enhances their message, and
supports the purpose of their speech.
Jesus used figurative language very effectively. For example, when he said, “Behold, I send
you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves,”
(Mt. 10:16), Jesus said more in one short phrase, than could have been expressed in pages of literal
language. When used correctly in teaching, figurative language is colorful, interesting, and true. - In attempting to properly understand parables, always consider the context. It is a
mistake to lift figurative language out of its context, because it becomes too easily misunderstood.
Even if we are unfamiliar with the particular figure being used, often the context will explain it.
For example, a person not familiar with English might be shocked to hear someone say, “It’s
hot as blazes in here!” But if that figure of speech is preceded by the words, “I believe I will take
off my coat,” the meaning becomes clear in the context. Context is critical to understanding all
language, but especially figurative language. It gives outside definitions and support to
questionable phrases.
When Jesus compared the kingdom of heaven to a “pearl of great price,” it is helpful to read
the context in which that statement appears. It comes immediately after the parable of the treasure
hidden in the field, “which a man found, and hid, and in his joy, he goeth and selleth all that he
hath, and buyeth that field,” (Mt. 13:44). The similar figures support one another. They give
meaning and depth in the context, in which Jesus is emphasizing the value of the church. - Watch for divine commentary, or explanations within the text itself. After the parable of
the soils in Mark 4:1-9, the text proceeds to a conversation between Jesus and his apostles in which
he provided helpful explanation about the parable. Sometimes the parables are explained in the
text, and other times there are helpful related passages which explain aspects of the parables. - As a general rule, there is usually one main point to a parable, although there may be
“sub-lessons.” It is usually a mistake to expect multiple lessons and press the parable into teaching
things which were never intended. Look for the main point of the parable, and be careful about
overextending it.
Parables are a joy to read, and a marvelous teaching device of our Lord!
